Don't shrink in the group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Don't shrink in the group - Essay Example She has several publications on behavioural psychology which makes her an authority in the subject. She explains her thesis from a diagnosis perspective by suggesting that the inaction of a person in a group is not because of an individual’s or personal defect or deviance but more of the general outfit of group behaviour and the characteristics of people in groups. This is why if a person sees a hit and run accident or an infliction of injury by on a stranger by a thug or violent animal, they will respond immediately and some even risk their own safety for the stranger. However if a group of people witnesses such a thing they will hesitate before any of them can marshal for help or take action to assist the victim. Her first reference point is the act of surprised neighbours who horrifically watch as one of their neighbours is stabbed right in front of her door step. This in its self amounts to a shrinkage as none of the neighbours who saw the whole scene made an attempt at he lping or intervening. She extends her thesis to include the act of policemen watching as some of their colleagues beat up the perpetrator helplessly while they did nothing. In an experiment done with school students, the rate of response to a fire of students seated in groups of three was much slower than that of the students who were seated individually. At the first sight of smoke pouring through the vents, the students seated individually rushed to check the vents and then dashed out of the class room. Those seated in groups sat in the room until it was fully filled with smoke and it became unbearable for them to remain in the room. The second experiment involving a staged loud crash and the screaming and mourning of a woman from a staged broken ankle recorded that the majority of individuals went to assist the woman while only 40 percent of those ion groups were bothered to respond to the cry for help. This leads to her first hypothesis that for the victims there is no safety in numbers. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the group characteristics cause reluctance to the individual to take action. The individual is drawn to assume that there is no need to act because there is nothing to be done. This assumption therefore is responsible for the inaction of individuals in a group. For instance a group of people may gather at a scene of an accident and spend quite some time at the scene waiting for the police until they realise no one had actually called the police since they thought the other had dialled the emergency number whole in actual sense no one had done so. The second explanation and justification to the hypothesis about group characteristic is that the members in a group fail to act due to the fear of humiliation rejection and ridicule. She alludes to the euphemism that society does not like people who go against the common decision however wrong it may be. â€Å"Do the moral thing and be disliked, humiliated, embarrassed and rejectedâ €  (Tavris 10). In my personal experience, I witnessed numerous fights between my friends and peers. The moral thing to do was to stand out and tell the fight off and separate them but since all others enjoyed the excitement I could not get myself to stand up against the crowd and deny them of the entertainment which was happening at the expense of the victims. This was not because I was lazy or ill mannered or helpless. It was because I could not take the humiliation that would come after despite the fact that I was actually doing the right thing.

Physics Key Words Essay Example for Free

Physics Key Words Essay Capacitance: ratio of charge stored per increase in potential difference. Capacitor: electrical device used to store charge and energy in the electrical field. Charged : object that has an unbalance of positive and negative electrical charges. Charging by conduction: process of charging by touching neutral object to a charged object. Charging by induction: process of charging by bringing neutral object near charged object, then removing part of resulting separated charge. Effective current: DC current that would produce the same heating effects. Effective voltage: DC potential difference that would produce the same heating effects. Electrical charge pump: device, often a battery or generator, that increase potential of electrical charge. Electrical circuit: continuous path through which electrical charges can flow. Electrical current: flow of charged particles. Electrical field: property of space around a charged object that causes forces on other charged objects. Electric field lines: lines representing the direction of electric field. Electric field strength: ratio of force exerted by field on a tiny test charge to that change. Electric generator: device converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electric potential: ratio of electric potential energy to charge. Electric potential difference: difference in electric potential between two points. Electric potential energy: energy of a charged body in an electrical field. Electron gas model: description of current flow through conductors. Electroscope: device to detect electric charges. Electrostatics: study of properties and results of electric charges at rest. Equivalent resistance: single resistance that could replace several resistors. Galvanometer: device used to measure very small currents. Ohm: SI unit of resistance; one volt per ampere. Â  Ohm’s law: resistance of object is constant, independent of voltage across it. Piezoelectricity: electric potential produced by deforming material. Potential difference: difference in electric potential between two points. Potential energy: energy of object due to its position or state. Potentiometer: electrical device with variable resistance; rheostat. Power: rate of doing work; rate of energy conversion. Resistance: ratio of potential difference across device to current through it. Resistance force: force exerted by a machine. Resistor: device designed to have a specific resistance. Resultant: vector sum of two or more vectors. Semiconductor: material in which electrical conduction is smaller than that in a conductor, but more than in insulator. Series circuit: circuit in which electrical current flows through each component, one after another. Series connection: arrangement of electrical devices so that there is only one path through which current can flow. Short circuit: low resistance connection between two points, often accidental. Watt: unit of power, one joule per second.

Superstructure In Marxist Cultural Theory

Superstructure In Marxist Cultural Theory The oft-cited passage from Marxs preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy in which he states that the economic structure, or base, of society is its real basis, on which arises a legal and political superstructure (source); contains perhaps the most contentious aspects of Marxist theory. The implicit ideas within these few sentences concerning the relationship between the base and the superstructure have excited scrupulous analysis and fervent debate from within the Marxist school of thought and by critics and opponents alike. The passage proclaims that it is upon the economic base that all other institutions, norms and practises are constructed. This perception was confronted by those who suggested that the base and the superstructure were best interpreted as having a reciprocal, dialectical relationship in which the base conditions the superstructure but is in turn affected by it. The metaphor was insufficient for later Marxists, such as Gramsci and Lukacs, wh o represent a shift away from the rigid dichotomy of the classical position by placing focus on the realm of the superstructure through concepts such as hegemony and totality. Further still, there were those who proposed a functional reading of base and superstructure (Cohen). Throughout this narrative, the problems with the relative understanding of base and superstructure have been consistently exposed, either by those who attempt to navigate around them through reformulation, or by those who suggest that they cause the metaphor to collapse. Most notably, the notion that the base determines the superstructure is particularly troubling for many critics. There has been a persistent effort to suggest that the relationship between the base and the superstructure involves an element of economic determinism, which represents the most significant problem due to its simplicity. A second problem is the difficulty of separating the base from the superstructure, and defining what constitutes the relations of production. It is the purpose of this essay to make two assertions. The first is that the troubling cause and effect logic is stubbornly common to all formulations of the model, making both practical and analytical application indefensible. The second uses this as the basis for the suggestion that Marxian claims concerning the relationship between base and superstructure are reductionist and that a multi-dimensional approach that respects ideas of complexity would be preferable. According to Marx, in any given historical epoch men collectively organise to produce the goods and amenities that will ensure their survival. In doing this they enter into class-based social relations independently of their will. The economic base is comprised of the sum total of these socioeconomic relations, termed as the relations of production. The base corresponds, or is conditioned by, the forces of production which we may define as the means at the disposal of the actors involved in said relations. Since the cultural and political superstructure arises upon the economic base, it is therefore the historically specific mode of production that determines and characterises the rest of society social, cultural and political processes, ideas, institutions and so on. As the forces of production advance, through technological innovation for example, strain is placed upon the relations of production. Eventually the base is forced to change and since all other aspects of society are d etermined by the base, the superstructure must accommodate this change through change of its own. The superstructure is said to normalise the antagonism inherent within the class-based social relations since they are expressed through political and legal means, thus preventing the masses from recognising the oppression and exploitation that they are subjected to. This conception is the basis for the wider perspective of cultural materialism, which itself is part of Marxs theory of historical materialism. To quote Plamenatz, If the Marxian theory is to be called materialist, it is because it asserts that it is how men produce what satisfies their needs, which determines the general character of the moral, political and legal order p. 277 It is the suspect way in which Marx states not only that but how (Antonio Gramsci Beyond Marxism and Post-Modernism) base and superstructure are related which shall be the main focus of this essay. Before the problems with the relationship are discussed, it is relevant to briefly outline why such an endeavour is of importance, in light of the argument that the spatial image is a convenient way of discussing society from a methodological and analytical point of view; it is not meant to represent the actual complexity of the real world. (Jakabwski, 1976 quoted in Gramsci new introduction) Whilst it is fair to claim that the base and superstructure metaphor can be a useful analytical tool; it also seems fair to suggest that the validity of the model should be rigorously examined against the complexities of reality. It is only by defining the limits of the metaphor that we can know its ability to shed light on relationships between social phenomena, as Marx claims it can. A central issue of the debate surrounding base and superstructure is what our understanding of determination should be. The inescapable criticism that the base and superstructure metaphor reduces cultural theory to a linear form of economic determinism was prevalent from its very inception (olssen), and I would argue that the persistent, simplistic economic determinist logic is a major problem with the base and superstructure relationship. To focus first on the language of Marxs passage, Marx and Engels could have used moderate terminology to merely suggest that there is a relation between production and social activity. However, as Plamenatz notes, Marx and Engels clearly felt it important to say, as they did so repeatedly, that the character of production determines social life. This is characteristic of much of Marxist theory. That history follows a determinable path in which the changes and developments of society can essentially be predicted is a common theme. There is however m uch rhetoric from both Marx and Engels to defend their position by acknowledging that quote from Gramsci that superstructure influences base). As such most modern scholars do not accept such a determinist perspective. Raymond Williams for example, describes it as being the simplest and most basic understanding of the relationship. (source) It may therefore be contentious to state that Marx was strong in his conviction that there is a specifically determined relationship between base and superstructure in its simplest (Williams) form, since he and Engels both expressed ideas to the contrary (source). However what is clear is the primary status of the base (which is also reflected by the centrality of economics in much of the Marxist canon) and the implication of the secondary or subjugated status of the superstructure. Whether or not Marx intended to allow for the idea of reciprocal influence, it is clear that the metaphor tended ultimately to posit primary or first causes in histori cal motion, which would relegate the rest to a secondary, accidental, contingent, dependent status. (Antonio Gramsci Beyond Marxism and Post-Modernism) It is from this that we may confidently argue that the position of classical Marxism is that which favours economic determinism to a significant enough extent to be subject to scrutiny, despite the neo-Marxist claim that economic determinism is not the intended understanding of the base and superstructure concept. The interpretation of determination between base and superstructure as being reciprocal is a common departure from the simple notion of prefiguration, prediction and control. (Williams) Althusser speaks of the relative autonomy and reciprocal action of the superstructure. (Althusser, cited in Lapsley Westlake 1988: 5) The notion that areas in the superstructure can be relatively distant from the base, and retain a relative autonomy from economic determination is the key feature of the Althusserian understanding of base and superstructure. Shifting emphasis away from the base allows for the interpretation that it is in fact not the economic base that is the basis for society but the superstructure, which exercises autonomous influence, in that it exerts pressures on its own terms. In spite of this, to remain true in part to Marxs original thought, Althusser downgrades the concept of autonomy by stating that there is determination in the last instance by the economy. Hall, influenced by Althusser, cites the variety of language in Marxs description of base and superstructure in The German Ideology which varies from connected with to created by and in its action as to suggest that the relationship between economic and non-economic activities need to be seen as interactive and circular. Williams exertion of pressures. Reformulations of the spatial metaphor such as those outlined above are curious in that they seek to account for variety within the superstructure by assigning the idea of autonomy, yet then retrace their steps in a contrived effort to remain true to the original Marxist doctrine. Althusser, Hall and Williams all nod to the complexity of the superstructure and either explicitly or implicitly acknowledge that deterministic attempts to trace clear causal influence between it and the base is problematic, which seems to be the driving influence in their reformulation of the concept of determination, yet the desire to maintain the primacy of the base is pa radoxical in that it undermines the acknowledgement of a complex, autonomous superstructure by yet again suppressing its autonomy through simple notions of economic practise. This is merely sidestepping the issue and is a fragile (Hirst, On Law and Ideology, London 1979, pp. 75-95) attempt to rescue Marx. If we accept the argument that economic determinism is reductionist, then the circular and reciprocal interpretation may be said to be only partially less simplistic. A second significant problem with the base/superstructure distinction is the inability to theoretically separate the base from the superstructure, and the inferiority of the term relations of production to describe clearly what it is that constitutes the base. If it is unfeasible to overcome these problems, any proposed interpretation of the base and superstructure relationship ought to fail. The debate between G. A. Cohen and John Plamenatz is a useful way of navigating these difficulties. Cohen is a proponent of a functional understanding of the base/superstructure relationship. The argument develops from the idea that the superstructure is constructed as a result of its function, which is to maintain the base. The existence of the superstructure is therefore dependent on its ability to develop social norms and practises that are conducive to the base and provide social stability. As part of this interpretation, Cohen seeks to overcome what he calls the problem of legality, which i s a reassertion of one of the criticisms put forward by John Plamenatz (Karl Marxs Theory of History p.235). As Plamenatz (man and society) notes, detailed analysis of the relations of production reveals that the relations are essentially legal in nature, making the base indistinguishable from the superstructure since the superstructure is supposedly the dominion of legality. Similarly, since the base may only be described normatively, it is difficult to assert the sense in which it is separated from the superstructure, as is indicated by the spatial metaphor. Furthermore, Plamenatz identifies that relations of property are supposedly superstructural, yet have considerable influence over the workings and structure of the economic base. He also states that large sides of social life, such as religion or the sciences, cannot be shown to be derivative of the base. Cohens attempt to overcome this is through a reformulation of the base, an ambition which shares parallels with Williams, c entres on whether or not it is possible to arrive at a conception of the base which excluds any normative involvement from law, morality or politics. He therefore sought to purge the base of normative elements, or seek to identify a rechtsfrei economic structure (Lukes) Cohens non-normative base is built upon the distinction between relations of power, which can exist without superstructural interference, and relations of rights. However, Lukes finds his conception unconvincing. According to Lukes, power relations are based on social and moral senses of duty that must exist before power relations can be established. In summary of the debate Lukes proposes that Cohen fails through his inability to present reference to roles within his rechtsfrei that do not presuppose the existence of rights of some kind. For Lukes, then, there is no viable distinction between base and superstructure, rendering the metaphor useless, urging that it is high time that the distinction be consigned to the scrap heap. If we are to involve Williams urge to reconfigure our understanding of the base as a dynamic force, constantly occupied and defined by human activity, and not take the base as an abstract entity that is not necessarily defined by human action, then we must accept Lukes argument and the collapse of the distinction. Gramscis concept of hegemony and Lukacs of totality represent Marxist conceptions of society that are altogether more holistic and need not necessarily be interpreted in terms of a base and superstructure separation. For Gramsci, the sharp separation between the economic sphere and the political sphere was unsatisfactory, since social relations of civil society interpenetrate with the relations of production. (gramscis political thought p.30) He saw the superstructure as being divided into two parts, political society and civil society and argued that political society organises force, civil society is the organiser of consensus. (Canadian journal) Gramsci asserted that the bourgeoisie maintained control in society through ideology, rather than by economic or coercive means. The norms and values conducive to bourgeois control became entrenched as the limits of common sense of the working class, who were therefore distracted from revolution by falsely interpreting their exploitation a s a common good. Still, it is the bourgeois control of economic production that allows them to become the hegemonic class in civil society. Similarly, for Lukacs, the economist assumption that consciousness and ideology were determined by the economy could not be shown to be so, since crises that developed in the economic sphere were not reflected in the consciousness of individuals (Lukacs history and class consciousness 1923). Gramsci and Lukacs were both attempting to mend Marxism in the area in which they felt was most deficient. Economic determinism, for them, did not privilege an understanding of the vast complexity of the superstructure, which as the realm of consciousness and ideology was greatly important to the cause of initiating historic change. As a model, beyond simply calling this relation dialecticalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it was deficient in examining the multiple ways in which culture and politics or the state produce ideology, authority and power (beyond Marxism and post modernism) They therefore attempted to challenge bourgeois dominance through means that were not strictly economic. While it is more accurate to suggest that the complexity of the superstructure should not be underestimated, in Gramsci and Lukacs ambition to loosen the rigid nature of orthodox Marxism through reformulation, what results is a similarly reductionist or one-dimensional view of society.( The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities T. J. Jackson Lears p.569) A total, holistic view of society will always by nature be insufficient to deeply analyse the variation and complexity of culture, particularly if one seeks to study it through the rather narrow lens of historical materialism, with its association with cause and effect history that has yet to manifest itself. The economic determinism present in the orthodox Marxist interpretation of the relationship between base and superstructure is a problem that is difficult to evade. In attempting to do so most neo reformulations seem hampered in some way, as they seek to transcend the oversimplified nature of the linear perspective but never quite manage to explain or predict the complexity of cultural processes and institutions. The circular interpretation of the relationship is admittedly more attractive than the basic understanding, yet crucially still denies the superstructure the complexity and autonomy that it must be said to have. The work of Gramsci and Lukacs is a significant step forward towards a theory of complexity but is still hampered by the simplicity of seeking to define culture and society through holistic, all-encompassing terms. All formulations seem crude in that they either imply a causal influence strong enough to suggest that the superstructure is mechanically reproduced by th e base, or a causal influence that is not strong enough to strictly retain Marxs original meaning. To overcome this by speaking in terms of the convenience or usefulness of the metaphor as an analytical device seems dangerous to the integrity of the conclusions that may be drawn from it, since it repeatedly has not and cannot stand up to detailed analysis. What should be sought is a view of culture that analyses it without having to refer to a specific agenda, economic or otherwise. It is only by viewing culture on its own terms that we may we hope to go some way to dealing with its complexity.

Glass Menagerie :: essays research papers

The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Glass Menagerie, written in 1945 by Tennessee Williams, remains today as a great literary masterpiece. Williams gave unimaginable depth and uniqueness to each of his characters. Even though the play was written in the mid-forties it is timeless, in that the problems and troubles of the characters can be related to life today, more than 50 years later. The Glass Menagerie is a great play with a central theme of escape and many symbols to support this theme. In the following I will give a brief summary and discuss the theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Glass Menagerie begins with Tom introducing the play as a memory, his own memory of the past. At the start of the play the Wingfield family is eating dinner, after constant harassment on how to eat his food Tom leaves the table to go smoke a cigarette on the fire escape. Amanda tells Laura her story of the old days when she received seventeen gentlemen callers in one day. The next day Amanda finds out that Laura has dropped out of business school, and confronts her, Laura explains that she could not handle the class and has been out walking every day. Amanda sits down with Laura and asks if “she ever liked a boy';?, Laura points to a picture in her yearbook. Later that evening Amanda and Tom argue, she does not understand why Tom goes to the movies every night. Tom states that he hates working for the family as he has been doing and leaves for the movies. He returns late that night drunk and after losing his key Laura opens the door for him. Tom tells he r about the movie and of the magic show he had seen, giving her a scarf from the show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next morning Amanda wakes Tom for work and asks him to bring home a gentlemen caller for Laura. Tom came home from work and announced that he had invited Jim O`connor to dinner the next day. When Jim comes for dinner Laura recognizes him as the one she pointed out in the yearbook. Laura becomes sick and must excuse herself from the dinner table. After dinner Amanda tells Jim to keep Laura company in the parlor, at first Laura is scared but loosens up after some conversation. Jim ends up kissing Laura and regretting it after he announces that he is engaged. Amanda becomes angry with Tom for not telling of the engagement, Tom insists he did not know.

Psychodynamic Theory and Person Centerd Counselling Essay

Counselling takes place when a counsellor sees a client in a private and confidential setting to explore a difficulty a client is having, distress they may be experiencing or perhaps their dissatisfaction with life, or loss of a sense of direction and purpose. It is always at the request of the client as no one can properly be ‘sent’ for counselling. (Counselling central) By listening the counsellor can begin to perceive the difficulties from the client’s point of view and can help them to see things more clearly, possibly from a different perspective. Counselling is a way of enabling choice or change or of reducing confusion. It does not involve giving advice or directing a client to take a particular course of action. Counsellors do not judge or exploit their clients in any way. ’(Counselling central). The two main therpaies within counselling that I will focus on comparing on contrasting are person centerd counselling. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy  developed by  psychologist  Carl Rogers  in the 1940s and 1950s. The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential  In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental  environment  by demonstrating  congruence  (genuineness),  empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non-directive approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. Secondly Psychoanalysis  is a  psychological  and  psychotherapeutic  theory conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud’s colleagues and students, such as  Alfred Adler,  Carl Gustav Jung  and  Wilhelm Reich, and later by neo-Freudians such as  Erich Fromm,  Karen Horney,  Harry Stack Sullivan  and  Jacques Lacan. The basic tenets of psychoanalytic therapy include the following beside the inherited constitution of personality, a person’s development is determined by events in early childhood, human behaviour, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives, those drives are said to be largely  unconscious. This main aim of this assignment will be taking both person centred and psychoanalytic therapy and critically comparing them I will do this by giving an overview of the two therapies how they were developed, the principles they lie upon, what their relationships are based on. We will then look at how they are similar and also how they differ by looking at the skills used and how they work as therapies to come to both do the same thing which is to help a client overcome an issue in their life. Person centred therapy is based on the idea that humans have a drive to grow towards their potential and will act with the best interest to themselves, if they are provided the right atmosphere (Mcleod,2008). The direction of therapy is guided by the client with the support of the therapist. The client is always the expert on themselves if they are provided with the right atmosphere for self-actualisation to occur. The central component being the client knows best the client knows where it hurts the most. The counsellors main motive is to relate to the client in such a way that he or she can find there sense of self direction. Carl Rodgers was the founder of person centred therapy. The development stemmed from Rodgers experiences of being a client and working as a counsellor (casemore) Rodgers didn’t like the view of behaviourist that humans were organisms that react to stimuli and developed habits from learned experiences. Therefor in his work as a counsellor became increasingly uncomfortable with being â€Å"the expert† so began to develop a different view of what clients needed to experience in counselling, empathy congruence and unconditional positive regard. Rodgers proposed that human beings were always in the process of becoming rather than being in a fixed state. As humans we have the captivity to develop in a basically positive direction given the right conditions. That’s not to say that he thought people are not sometimes cruel or hurtful but every person has the tendencies towords strong positive direction. Rodgers proposed that when the conditions were growth promoting an individual could develop into a fully functioning person. Rodgers described his approach as a basic philosophy rather than a simple technique which empowers the individual and leads to personal and social transformation, grounded in empathic understanding being non-judgemental and congruent. For this reason the person centred approach is often seen as touchy feel relation and seen as soft skilled that lacks structure, sometimes said as a way of preparing the road for real therapy. However it does have a clear theory of self, the creation of distrees and the tehraputic process. It’s aims are transformational and asks the counsellor to be a human and transparent â€Å"be real†(langridge). Freud is regarded as the founder of modern psychology, developing psychoanalysis. The therapy is based on the idea that a great deal of the individual behavior are not within conscious control. Therefor the main emphasis is to help the client get to the deep root of the problem often thought, to stem from childhood. Based on the principle that childhood experiences effect our behavior as adults and effect out thinking processe, Freud belived that these thoughts and feelings can become repressed and may manifest themselves as depression or other negative symptoms. The client is able to reveal unconscious thought by talking freely aboput thought that enter their mind the analysis will attempt to interpratate and make sence of the clients experiances. Deeply burtied experiances are expressed and the opportunity to share tehase thoughts and feelings can help the client work through thease problems. Clients are asked to try and transfer thougts and feelings they have towords people in their life on the analyst this process is called transfernace the success depends on how the analysats and client work together. Psychoanalysis can be life changing if successful howver around 7 years of therpay is needed to discover the full unconcious mind . regular sessions provide a setting to explore there thoughts and make sence of them. Psychoanalytic therapy is based on freuds work of pychoanalysis but less intensive it is found to be bennaficial for clients who want to understand more about tehmselves and useful to people who feel tehir problems have affcted them for a long period of time and need reliving of emotional disstress. Through deep exploration client and therapist try to understand the inner life of the client. Uncovering the uncocncious needs and thoughts may help the client understand how their past experiances affect their life today. It can also help them to work out how they can live a more fulfilling life. Person centred counselling and psychoanalytic therapy are both off springs of two great minded people Sigmund Freud and carl Rodgers the originators of these two approaches. Freud based his framework on his medical background , Rodgers was influenced by excistential phillosphy were the person is there central role in their growth and change. Some similarities can be drawn from a comparison betwewen the two models they both want to widen the concioussness but this is done in different means. Psychonalsis aims to make the unconscious conscious and by doing this helps the person gain controle over their thought and feelings. And the person cneterd approach helps the client to overcome a state of incongruence whilst psychoanalytic objective is two seek the repressed childhood experiances. The person centerd works through the concioussness by focusing on the here and now. Kahn (1985) compares the term incongruence with psychoanalytic defence mechanism repression. To him both are the same thing but different versions. Both prevent the person from being aware of his their own feelings the onluy diffrnece being that Rodgers belives by imputing the core conditions of Two persons are in Psychological contact, The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious,The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship,The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. Then if thease are imputed incongruence will be shifted and psychoanalytic belive through interpretation of childhoon events repression can be acchived. Both psychoanalytic and person centred involve empathy that is applied to client and therapist, enabling the client to gain new understanding and move away from distress and towards harmony with self and others. Therefor potentially both try to increase insight and strength towards the self. Other areas that overlap are also evident simple areas such as setting bounderies, along with assessment for therapy. From the first minuite of contact both persons become aware of their own and others aims, values and lifestyle by empathic attending. Both types of therapist are warm and open minded and accepting. In both therapies the therapist is bidden to provide a non judgemental respectful attitude towords the client. Both also share a commitment to the use of silence beliving it is an effective tool for therapy commiting to listening without impediment. The similarities are strongly guided by personal growth and development both have the interest of promoting self-reflection of the client. Their interest is to promote self-reflection of the clirnt. The relationship is very important in both and the main reason for this is to gain a beter insight and clearer understanding of the client. The aim is to build a relationship built on trust honesty and reliance on one another. The relationship is crucial in both therpays as without a tight relationship there is no ground work in place for the client to feel safe to explore. Both models encourage the client to relase emotions and it is through tehase that empathy can be experienced. On the other hand psychoanalytic theory stresses the importance of unconscious procedures and sexuality as the key terms for a deep understanding of the human pychopathology. Freud thought that dreams were the best way to explore the unconscious since they are disquised as the id whishes repressed by the ego in order to escape from awareness. The goal of counselling to Rodgers is the congruence of personality acchived when the self gains access to a variety of experiances. he need for self actualization can only be atteneded to once counsellor creates an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. There are considerable diffrences between the two approaches ialthough stated that they both create a strong knitted relationship between client ancd counsellor . person centers counselling the counsellor takes on a non directice role more like a companio n rather than a leader and the client takes lead of the session were as psychodynamic counsellors take more of an authority figure in the relationship. Person centred firmly believes that the 6 core condition are necessary for change. Hoewever psychodynamic use of transference is to make interpretation to the client for effective change. Person centred would see using transference would not create a genuine relationship between counsellor and client. One of the central themes in person centred is the emphasis on the present behaviours of the client. Psychodynamic focuses on the past and how it determines the present behaviours. Pychodyanmic counsellors choose to remain neutral during a session as this encourages transference a major tool in psychodynamic therapy. McLeod (2004) points out that in person centered counselling, questions are only asked to clients when necessary and may also answer questions if asked by clients, as this was supports to create the quality of the relationship. This again differs to the way Psychodynamic counsellors’ work; as asking questions are pivotal during therapy as this elps to explore and build up relevant material, furthermore, it would be unlikely for a psychodynamic counsellor to answer any personal questions by the client and instead try to figure out why the question is important. Although both see the relationship as crucial each therapy maintains a diferent way to responding to the client attitudes and values. for instance defences and transferance excist in both forms but handled in different ways. For person centerdit is a requirement that the core condition s are stimuiltaneous for the therapist thease core conditions repersent an openess to self experience and to the experience of another. Rodgers belived counsellors should be egalitarian in their meetings with clinets and a major diffrence concerns pychodynamic interpretations. Appearing as all knowing and going beyond what is un-concious based mostly on theory rather than a clients spacific experiances. Thorne (1996) states that â€Å"pychodynamic therpay may go to early in interpratation to make sence to clients† Pychodynamic interpratation specifically concerns the naming of the unconcious for causeing problems that the clinet may be having. Only in the hermanutic meaning does the word interpratation make sence of things Hermeneutics applies to all persons who make sense of all situations, whereas psychodynamic interpretation in the narrow sense is the most specific ingredient of psychodynamic therapy’s efforts to make positive changes for clients. All in all psychodynamic approaches are based on freuds work based on the unconscious of the ID ego and superego which emphasis on sexual aggression. Person centerd is based on the belief that humans have unique qualities for freedom and growth beliving that we are beyond being controlled by ID ego and superego not controlled by sexual urges. The similarities between both approaches promote and guide the idea of progress and development. There main interest to promote self reflection and awarenss for the client in order to do this they effectively use communication. Both approaches are the result of hypothesis the main diffrences lie at the foundations and what is belived to work best however sometimes they meet for what may be the best too to use at the time of hearapy. prehaps what makes any thrapy work is the belief that they can work if the client wants it to work there emotional needs and expectataions I belive that theory used does play a a very important role but it is the client who has the ability to change which ever root of therapy they take they can change no matter how they recive therapy weather it be in a humanistic approach or psychodynamic because if they expect it to work it will so maybe I am more for the person cneterd view as I belive that self actualisation and awarenss is very important to be able to facilitate growth.

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Special Effects On Action Movie Making essays Cinematography began in the early 1800s with a simple Phenakistoscope and has evolved into its present day state of computerized generation (DeAngelis, 11). Since the 1500s, people have been trying to transform light into fixed images (8). In the early 1800s, there was a problem that innovators had about recording a wet emulsion onto a piece of glass, until Joseph Nicphore Niepce in 1826 took the first known photograph in history(8). What we know as pictures became motion in 1832, when Joseph Antoine invented a Phenakistoscope (11). It consisted of a cardboard disk, mounted on a spindle (11). On the disk was a series of sixteen drawings, each depicting a different phase of an object in motion (11). The disk also had sixteen slots around its edge. When a viewer held the device before a mirror, spun the disk, and looked through the slots, persistence of vision caused the drawings reflected in the mirror to look as if they were moving (11). A similar device that became apart of home entertainment was the Zoetrope, invented in 1834 by William George Horner (11). This was a cylinder with vertical slots which were lined up on the ins ide with a sequence of drawings on a long strip of paper (11). When the viewer spun the cylinder and looked through the slots, the pictures seemed to move (11). The Zoetrope had several advantages over the Phenakistoscope. It could be viewed by several people at one time, the cylinder rotated longer and more evenly than the disk did, and the paper strips were easier and cheaper to produce (11). The first demonstration of motion pictures took place in Paris on December 28, 1895 before a closed caption audience of about thirty-five people (39). Over the next century, motion pictures became apart of modern society. By June of 1896, there were cinemas as they became known in Berlin, Brussels, London, and New York, as well as in Paris and Lyon (41). In the following weeks, th...

Civil Liberties essays

Civil Liberties essays What has happened to the U.S. is a confusion of terms. Liberty has been used to supplant freedom. The terrorists' acts were facilitated by the efforts of liberty groups. People dont want to have all those protective measures to get on an airplane. If checks are removed then it makes it easy for terrorists to be able to get on the planes. Our privacy is being invaded. So, the government backed off, and the terrorists walked through the opening. In order for the people to feel safe our civil liberties are going to need a trade off between privacy and security. President Bush's executive order authorizing military commissions to try foreign nationals suspected of terrorism is a shocking imposition of martial law that goes well beyond any measure previously upheld by U.S. courts. This order allows military officials within the United States to arrest aliens on mere suspicion of terrorism, without having to show probable cause. Then to try them entirely in secret; to use any evidence against them that military officials judge to have probative value, even if it is mere hearsay or illegally obtained. To convict them on simple preponderance of such evidence, rather than proof beyond a reasonable doubt; to convict them by a vote of two-thirds of the military judges, without a requirement of unanimity, much less trial by jury; and to sentence them to death, without appeal to the civilian courts. Bush officials have defended the order by citing the US Supreme Court's approval of President Roosevelt's decision in World War II to have Nazi sab oteurs captured, tried, and sentenced to death by a secret military tribunal, as punishment for attempting to smuggle explosives into Florida. The president bases his authority for this order only on his own previous executive order proclaiming a state of emergency. And these military courts can try not only persons legally recognized as "alien enemies," but also lawfully ...

Critical study of the parametric model development process The WritePass Journal

Critical study of the parametric model development process Abstract: Critical study of the parametric model development process Abstract: 1. Introduction2. The Proprietary Model Development Process3. ConclusionsReferencesRelated Abstract: Complex parametric models may consist of many interrelated cost estimating relationships (CERs), as well as other equations, ground rules, assumptions, and variables that describe and define the situation being studied. Models generate estimates based upon certain input parameters, or cost drivers. Parametric models can generally be classified as commercial or company-developed. This review provides practical information about developing, deploying, and maintaining company-developed parametric models. Company-developed models – also referred to as company-owned, in-house, or proprietary models – differ from cost estimating relationships (CERs) because of their higher level of complexity, and the range of costs they estimate. Commercial parametric estimating models, available in the public domain, use generic algorithms and estimating methods which are based on a database that contains a broad spectrum of industry-wide data. Unlike commercial models, company-developed mo dels are designed for the specific estimating needs of an organization or to describe a particular product. A proprietary model offers an alternative to trying to use a commercial model to meet an organization’s unique estimating requirements. JEL classification: C50, C51 Key words: equation, parameter, parametric model, commercial model, proprietary model 1. Introduction A parametric cost model can be viewed as the collection of databases, cost estimating relationships (CERs) [1], cost factors and algorithms, which together are used to estimate the costs of a system and its components. A parametric cost model uses known values to estimate unknown ones. Industry use parametric models to support conceptual estimating, design-to-cost analyses, life-cycle cost estimates, risk analyses, budget planning and analyses. Parametric models can also be used as the basis of a cost estimate in preparation of firm business proposals, or in the independent assessment of cost estimates prepared using a traditional estimating approach. Models generate estimates based upon certain input parameters, or cost drivers. Parameters â€Å"drive the cost† of the end product or service being estimated. Some examples are weight, size, efficiency, quantity, and time. Some models can develop estimates with only a limited set of descriptive program inputs; others, however, require the user to provide many detailed input values before the model can compute a total cost estimate. A model can utilize a mix of estimating methods, and it may allow as inputs estimates from other pricing models (or information systems) or quotes from external sources, such as subcontracts. Several companies implemented commercial parametric estimating hardware models, which can rapidly compute development and design costs, manufacturing costs of prototypes, and production unit/manufacturing support costs. Commercial parametric estimating models use generic algorithms and estimating methods which are based on a database that contains a broad spectrum of industry-wide data. Because this data encompasses many different products, a company working with a commercial parametric model must calibrate it before using it as a base of estimate for proposals submitted to the higher-tier contractors. Calibration tailors the commercial model so it reflects the products, estimating environment, and business culture of that particular company. A proprietary model offers an alternative to trying to use a commercial model to meet an organization’s unique estimating requirements. Proprietary models are developed for an organization’s own product and cost estimating needs and are, in effect, self-calibrated. Proprietary models can be implemented for a variety of estimating purposes, and have a wide range of complexity, completeness, and application. 2. The Proprietary Model Development Process The major activities involved in developing a proprietary model are: Step 1: Identifying the Parametric Model Opportunity One of the most critical steps in the proprietary model development process is the identification of a good opportunity for implementing a parametric model. This involves two points. First, it is important to investigate the feasibility of developing the model, which entails an evaluation of both its technical feasibility and cost effectiveness. Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the model to meet the estimating needs of the organization, and examines whether the organization has the resources to develop the model within a reasonable timeframe. This includes performing a cost-benefit analysis to decide whether a proprietary model would be cost-effective to implement and maintain. All potential benefits should be considered in the cost-benefit analysis; for example, contractors have achieved significant savings in proposal preparation, evaluation, and negotiation through the implementation of proprietary parametric estimating models. Other contractors have achieved additio nal benefits through multiple applications of the same model, such as for design studies, target costing, and contract risk management as well as basic estimating. The second critical point involves gaining the support of internal upper-level (including program) management and key customer management. If the model then meets the acceptance criteria provided by these groups, they agree to support its proper application in subsequent proposals. Little good comes from implementing a proprietary model if there is no internal management buy-in, or no support from the key customers on the estimating technique. Also, the firm’s management will want to understand the results of the feasibility study so it can properly assess the financial investment required to support model development and on-going maintenance activities, such as training, model enhancements, and software corrections. On receiving approval to begin development from internal and external management, the contractor establishes an implementation team to guide the creation of a valid proprietary model. This team should include representatives from the company and key customers. Step 2: Information Systems Needs When implementing a proprietary model, the organization should commit and obtain the necessary resources for information systems development and support activities. Information systems support is required for a variety of functions: defining the formal system requirements needed to support the cost estimating model (e.g., hardware, software, interfaces with other systems); testing the model to ensure it adequately satisfies all end-user requirements; maintaining the integrity of the model throughout its life span by establishing procedures to manage and control all changes (i.e., configuration management); providing software support services once the model is deployed to keep it operational (e.g., corrections, revisions, miscellaneous enhancements). When simpler models are implemented (e.g., spreadsheet models), the degree of support is smaller, but the configuration management and long-term maintenance issues still must be addressed. Step 3: Data Collection and Analysis Historical costs should be used, with the development team ensuring that they are relevant to the firms current operating procedures. In an effort to include as much relevant cost data as possible, analysts normalize it as it is incorporated into the database [2]. They adjust data so it is as homogeneous as possible (e.g., similar in content, time value of money, quantity), and does not contain anomalies. Programmatic, noncost data may also require normalization. The analyst must assess the condition of each program’s data and make appropriate adjustments as required. When developing a model, the team identifies the main characteristics, called the primary cost drivers, that are responsible for, and have the greatest impact on, the product or services cost to be estimated. Step 4: Model Development The development of a proprietary model incorporates many anticipated uses and goals such as estimating/users’ requirements, availability of credible data, life-cycle costs, systems engineering costs, forward pricing rates – and it must integrate these into the parametric estimating approach. The modeling process, in particular, focuses on these tasks: specifying the estimating methods for accomplishing the estimating goals; -identifying the job functions and other elements of cost that will be estimated; defining data input structures; Proprietary models may contain a number of different estimating techniques. Step 5: Calibration and Validation Parametric models are calibrated and validated before they are used to develop estimates for proposals. Since proprietary models are based on an organization’s historical data, they are considered to be self-calibrated. Validation is the process, or act, of demonstrating the proprietary model’s ability to function as a credible estimating tool [3]. Validation ensures: estimating system policies and procedures are established and enforced; key personnel have proper experience and are adequately trained; proper information system controls are established to monitor system development and maintenance activities in order to ensure the model’s continued integrity; the model is a good predictor of costs. Models should be validated and periodically updated to ensure they are based on current, accurate, and complete data, and that they remain good cost predictors. The purpose of validation is the demonstration of a model’s ability to reliably predict costs. This can be done in a number of ways. For example, if a company has sufficient historical data, data points can be withheld from the model building process and then used as test points to assess the model’s estimating accuracy. Unfortunately, data sets available are often extremely small, and withholding a few points from the model’s development may affect the precision of its parameters. This trade-off between accuracy and testability is an issue model developers always consider. When sufficient historical data are not available for testing, accuracy assessments can be performed using other techniques. Another testing methodology compares a commercial program’s final cost to the proprietary model’s estimate of it. However, it may be months, or years, before this approach can be applied to a given program. The model team may use this method when a program is near completion, or is at a point where a meaningful earned value performance index for it can be determined. Step 6: Estimating System Policies and Procedures After validation, the company must modify its estimating system policies and procedures to explain the appropriate use and application of the model for reviewers and company users. In particular, the model’s developers need to document its proper use as a valid bidding tool. Companies should also explain the model’s design, development, and use. For example, the contractor, as part of its support for the follow-on production model and estimating tool, developed a detailed manual containing information about the mechanics of the model, its estimating methodologies, and the timing of updates. The company also amended its Estimating System Manual to include a section on the model, and to refer the reader to the model’s own manual. Step 7: Internal Approval Process Model developers need to assure company representatives that the model relies on the firm’s historical data and, therefore, captures how the company executed similar projects in the past. Any departmental budget allocations produced by the model should reflect the average budgetary split the firm has historically experienced.   Developers should also consider the fact that a model, if approved, might change the way the company anticipates executing an existing (or planned) program (e.g., the project director may need to shift work and modify the budget). This obviously affects the circumstances under which other company personnel would approve the model. A best practice from contractor experience involves the integration of the company representatives into the model implementation team. As an example, when implementing the follow-on production model, the model designers, from the beginning, solicited the participation of key internal representatives. During the development of each module, the team incorporated the inputs of the functional department primarily responsible for executing that portion of the project which the module was designed to estimate. Although the Finance Department led the model building effort, it continuously reviewed its progress with representatives from the Engineering and Manufacturing Departments. These representatives were responsible for coordinating and obtaining any necessary information from their organization, and keeping management informed. Step 8: External Approval Process Although a company may internally approve a model, the customer must also be shown that the estimating approach is valid. The involving of customers in up-front decision facilitates their acceptance of parametric techniques. In seeking acceptance of a proprietary model, the company formed a Continuous Improvement Process (CIP) team [4]. The team’s composition included company representatives from various departments. All team members participated in establishing selection criteria for the model’s database. Based on the selection criteria, the contractor personnel collected actual cost data from many contracts. When using the model for the first time with a buying organization, the CIP team invites the buying organization to the company for a joint review and explanation of the model. Immediately after obtaining funding to develop the model, the developing company discussed it with other contractors, additional government organizations, to ensure widespread support in data collection and model validation. Including customers on the development team does not guarantee a model’s acceptance, of course. It does ensure that the customer has a voice in the model’s design and usage, but the model’s ability to reasonably predict costs is the ultimate basis for acceptance. No person, internal or external to the company, can prove this before final development and testing. Step 9: Model Maintenance Through the development process, the team develops a sense of how often the model needs updating. Maintenance activities include not only the incorporation of new data into the model, but also an evaluation of the mathematical relationships between the technical parameters and the costs the model estimates. Periodic evaluation of the model is required to ensure the estimates are relevant and the contractor is using the most current, accurate, and complete data. New data is contributed as programs mature and, occasionally, from non-company sources. In some situations, the cost modelers develop new CERs, based on a subset of the original database, in order to better match a new estimating requirement. The process of maintaining a model involves keeping an audit trail of the CERs developed, the data points used, and their statistical effectiveness. 3. Conclusions Company-developed parametric models – also known as proprietary models offers an alternative to use a commercial model regarding organization’s own product and cost estimating needs. No company or individual can develop a valid model without the participation of a number of key people which include the customers, all interested company personnel, and government representatives. Some concepts should be considered by all implementation teams as follows: establish a process flow and target development dates to ensure all team members provide their inputs to the models design; consider the costs and benefits of model development; evaluate commercial models as an alternative to proprietary development; remember that the goal is to establish a more efficient and reliable estimating system, not just create a model. References Stuparu D., Vasile T., Stanciu M. The Cost Estimating Relationships (CER’s) modern method for predicting cost, Revista Academiei ForÃ… £elor Terestre, nr. 1/2010. Vasile T., Stuparu D., DÄÆ'niasÄÆ' C.I. Collection and Normalization of Parametric Data, Analele UniversitÄÆ'Ã… £ii din Oradea, Tom XVIII, vol. II, 2009, pp. 703-708. Stewart R.D., Wyskida R.M., Johannes J.D. Cost Estimators Reference Manual, 2nd Edition, New York, Wiley, 1995, pp. 57-67. * * * ceh.nasa.gov/webhelpfiles/Cost_Estimating_Handbook_NASA_2004.htm

If you came back to earth as someone or something else, who or what Essay

If you came back to earth as someone or something else, who or what would it be - Essay Example The name of Bush in the political grounds of America is not new and almost everyone is aware of his status and name. Bush’s decision making power, motivational speeches, devotion and confidence are some traits which I admire personally. The position he holds in American political arena is yet another positive feature that makes him an ideal for me. I personally believe that he is a good leader with excellent communication skills. His attitude, wisdom and thoughts are all marvelous as they become a part of America’s success. His power and authority are the main factors which influence my thoughts and fascinate me towards his personality. Wealth and riches that surround George W. Bush are yet another fascination for me. I would like to be G. W. Bush as his mind, intelligent thoughts and influencing personality led him to become a successful man. I would like to have a mind and personality like him so I may rule one of the powerful nations in the world. Being G. W. Bush wo uld help me in making some necessary changes which I feel may help the poor or minority groups living in America. Lastly, the fame, reputation and reverence that G. W. Bush holds, is desirable by majority of the American population. I wish to have a name as shining in the world as he has.

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Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows - Assignment Example Therefore, Net Income is the position of a company’s business based on matching incomes versus expenditure but cash flow will only reflect actual movement of money without any considerations for the accruals (Epstein, 2014). A comparison of the Cash from operating activities to the Net Income for techno in 2008 stands at a ratio of 177,387/242,329= 0.73 and 2009 stands at 24,525/316,354= 0.08. Therefore, Techno had a 73% rate in 2008 and it dropped to 8% in 2009. This is a low quality income showing a great imbalance. The time taken to convert any credits or accruals to cash is stretching an indication of a pending problem that may lead to crippled operations. The first red flag is the declining number of receivable from $-49,704,000 in 2008 to $-288,174,000 in 2009. This deterioration is emphasized by a minimal decline in inventory over the two years. The Net Income figure is also overrated because the Accrued liabilities have almost doubled over the two years which puts the company at a delicate position if the creditors demand instant payment ((Epstein, 2014)). This position would not be the same in 2008 because the Cash from Operating Activities $177,387,000 was enough to cover the accrued liabiliti es of $41,079,000. Techno has also engaged in heavy borrowing both in short-term and Long-term in 2009 to probably support the business from the weak position confirmed by the declining ratio between a 73% rate in 2008 and it dropped to 8% in

Inpatient Prospective Payment System and Outpatient Prospective Assignment

Inpatient Prospective Payment System and Outpatient Prospective Payment System - Assignment Example The OPPS, on the other hand, involves yearly deductibles and copayments (CMS, 2010) by the patient to cover the overall cost. Both the systems, and especially the OPPS, are designed to have an overall profiting effect on the Medicare; they save Medicare the money expended on patients. This is because, for example, in the OPPS, the patient is expected to meet the costs in two ways; the yearly deductible, and the copayment that he has to pay as an outpatient (CMS, 2010). It is evident that this results in an overall money-saving for the Medicare as opposed to if Medicare had to meet the complete cost without any contribution from the patient. It is not feasible to have only one system for both the inpatient department and the outpatient department. This is because of the different needs of the two departments and the different factors that influence their payment scales. Inpatient usually requires complex procedures (CMS, 2011) and prolonged hospitalization, so the net cots incurred by the hospital are considerably greater than those incurred by the outpatient department because that mostly involves routine checkups, drug administration, and minor surgeries (CMS, 2010). The number of cases per department may also vary greatly.

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Critique Union Labor Relations - Article Example The increase in employees who join labor unions results in a subsequent rise in, their average income and a rise in the wage flow into the economical domain (Madland, 2009). His conclusion is that by all means, employees should join labor unions as it serves both economic and moral purposes. A couple of points in the author’s argument cannot be debated. They are logical, accurate, and reasonable. The assertion that sustainability can only occur if workers receive adequate rewards and get the freedom to buy their goods is correct. In a situation where the reverse occurs, workers feel cheated resulting in constant strikes, boycotts and go slows. This stalls economic development in the long term. Furthermore, the moral aspect of working ought to be fulfilled; it is not fair for those that build an economy to receive the least of its profits (Madland, 2009). The assertion that should the Employee Free Choice Act become legalized, union membership will have an increase is also of certainty. This validates union membership and strengthens their function, hence attracting membership. However, the author makes a point that cannot be validated. The assumption that unions always work to the good of an economy is the most doubtful of them all. If an economy becomes corrupted, then every sector in it malfunctions. Unions cannot be set aside from the malfunction that is within the United States economy. Unions in the modern day have become less accountable to the employees. There are certain moves and strategies made by labor unions that union members are not aware of and yet they are meant to protect their interests. The reason the number of unionized workers is much lower in the 21st century than it was in the 1950s is the lack of transparency. Union membership can be beneficial, but the author has exaggerated the impact it has on an economy. While unions benefit individual growth, their impact on the economy

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Environmental Issues in Dairy Processing - Essay Example The second important aspect to be considered is the soil inside and around Fonterra Tirau. This is necessary because the materials and processes that are used in the milk processing can be harmful to the environment (soil) if care is not taken in their handling. If leakages or spillages occur, they can foster the micro - organism spread. Nitrogen, which is a major byproduct in the lactalbumin processing can easily leach into underground water and result in contamination of underground water sources. The other concern is that the nature of milk by-products is such that it can hamper oxygen supply in the soil, or disrupt infiltration. These in general would affect soil quality by polluting it, and this would end up even into waterways (Barnett, Robertson& Russell, n.d.).Thirdly, although not much considered is the inconvenience that might be caused by the heavy commercial vehicles, which are constantly moving into or out of Fonterra Tirau. Owing to the fact that they are large, they ha ve the potential to cause much noise and congestion of traffic in the area around Tirau. This is the same case with the heavy plant machinery used. In the light of this, it is the mandate of Fonterra Tirau to ensure that the machinery and trucks accessing the area do not have negative effects to the surrounding (Lundie, Schulz, Peters, & Nebel, 2009).Finally, air quality should be a factor very sensitive, and should be considered as well. Plant processes such as fermenting of lactic casein, bad milk.

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Professional Development - Essay Example The Aviva ask the candidates to deal company’s clients through telephone line and the candidate’s performance in this process is evaluated by company officials. 1. Communication skill Communication skill is the basic requirement that every employer expects with an applicant regardless of the nature and size of the company. This is highly significant in sectors like insurance industry where group work and customer interaction are inevitable factors. Communication skill is considered as primary requirement for employees as it enables the upward and downward flow of information easily at the organisational level. Obviously Aviva also gives higher importance to this skill as one of the criteria for employee recruitment. 2. ICT skills This is another area of expertise that modern enterprises including Aviva have fixed as employment criterion. According to their recruitment strategy, an employee must possess Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills in order to be employed at their reputed insurance business venture. Aviva’s nature of business includes creation and presentation of plans using graphs and diagrams which necessitate employees’ need of ICT skills. Only a person with good experience in office management and computer applications can meet this requirement. 3. Leadership skills Aviva thinks that leadership quality must be an essential criterion in the employee selection process as their staffs are expected to take charge of projects and be able to work among other group members. Leadership skill in fact involves an array of innate qualities and acquired skills which enable a person to carry out positive interaction with his group members and also with the employer on behalf of his group. From the point of view of Yukl (2003), leadership behavior can be grouped into three such as ‘task-oriented, relation-oriented, and participative leadership’. An individual with leadership skill would come up with innovat ive ideas and normally undertakes the responsibility of his group toward the accomplishment of the given task. All other personal skills including communication skill, knowledge, negotiation skill, and many more add to one’s leadership abilities. 4. Project management skills As mentioned earlier, insurance sector involves wide range of planning activities on their new projects. Therefore, Aviva asks project management skill as another inevitable area of employees’ proficiency. Sometimes, the company would assign specific tasks to its employees and it is not possible to dispose those assignments successfully if the candidate cannot efficiently comply with project management requirements. Although Aviva values math skills, social skills, and work skills, these are not mandatory because the company provides six months basic training to its employees to meet these requirements. 2 Given below are the areas of my proficiency that make me an appropriate candidate at Aviva. I have also specified the area in which I have to further track my excellence. Communication skill must be one of the most important potentials I possess that can meet the employer’s requirements. In addition to the academic knowledge in my majors like Humanities & Social Science and Business Marketing, I have sufficient work experience in marketing field where I had to deal with a wide range of customers. My employment with Samjee International CORP’

Article Critique Union Labor Relations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critique Union Labor Relations - Article Example The increase in employees who join labor unions results in a subsequent rise in, their average income and a rise in the wage flow into the economical domain (Madland, 2009). His conclusion is that by all means, employees should join labor unions as it serves both economic and moral purposes. A couple of points in the author’s argument cannot be debated. They are logical, accurate, and reasonable. The assertion that sustainability can only occur if workers receive adequate rewards and get the freedom to buy their goods is correct. In a situation where the reverse occurs, workers feel cheated resulting in constant strikes, boycotts and go slows. This stalls economic development in the long term. Furthermore, the moral aspect of working ought to be fulfilled; it is not fair for those that build an economy to receive the least of its profits (Madland, 2009). The assertion that should the Employee Free Choice Act become legalized, union membership will have an increase is also of certainty. This validates union membership and strengthens their function, hence attracting membership. However, the author makes a point that cannot be validated. The assumption that unions always work to the good of an economy is the most doubtful of them all. If an economy becomes corrupted, then every sector in it malfunctions. Unions cannot be set aside from the malfunction that is within the United States economy. Unions in the modern day have become less accountable to the employees. There are certain moves and strategies made by labor unions that union members are not aware of and yet they are meant to protect their interests. The reason the number of unionized workers is much lower in the 21st century than it was in the 1950s is the lack of transparency. Union membership can be beneficial, but the author has exaggerated the impact it has on an economy. While unions benefit individual growth, their impact on the economy

Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Professional Development - Essay Example The Aviva ask the candidates to deal company’s clients through telephone line and the candidate’s performance in this process is evaluated by company officials. 1. Communication skill Communication skill is the basic requirement that every employer expects with an applicant regardless of the nature and size of the company. This is highly significant in sectors like insurance industry where group work and customer interaction are inevitable factors. Communication skill is considered as primary requirement for employees as it enables the upward and downward flow of information easily at the organisational level. Obviously Aviva also gives higher importance to this skill as one of the criteria for employee recruitment. 2. ICT skills This is another area of expertise that modern enterprises including Aviva have fixed as employment criterion. According to their recruitment strategy, an employee must possess Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills in order to be employed at their reputed insurance business venture. Aviva’s nature of business includes creation and presentation of plans using graphs and diagrams which necessitate employees’ need of ICT skills. Only a person with good experience in office management and computer applications can meet this requirement. 3. Leadership skills Aviva thinks that leadership quality must be an essential criterion in the employee selection process as their staffs are expected to take charge of projects and be able to work among other group members. Leadership skill in fact involves an array of innate qualities and acquired skills which enable a person to carry out positive interaction with his group members and also with the employer on behalf of his group. From the point of view of Yukl (2003), leadership behavior can be grouped into three such as ‘task-oriented, relation-oriented, and participative leadership’. An individual with leadership skill would come up with innovat ive ideas and normally undertakes the responsibility of his group toward the accomplishment of the given task. All other personal skills including communication skill, knowledge, negotiation skill, and many more add to one’s leadership abilities. 4. Project management skills As mentioned earlier, insurance sector involves wide range of planning activities on their new projects. Therefore, Aviva asks project management skill as another inevitable area of employees’ proficiency. Sometimes, the company would assign specific tasks to its employees and it is not possible to dispose those assignments successfully if the candidate cannot efficiently comply with project management requirements. Although Aviva values math skills, social skills, and work skills, these are not mandatory because the company provides six months basic training to its employees to meet these requirements. 2 Given below are the areas of my proficiency that make me an appropriate candidate at Aviva. I have also specified the area in which I have to further track my excellence. Communication skill must be one of the most important potentials I possess that can meet the employer’s requirements. In addition to the academic knowledge in my majors like Humanities & Social Science and Business Marketing, I have sufficient work experience in marketing field where I had to deal with a wide range of customers. My employment with Samjee International CORP’

Robert Frost Poetry Coursework Essay Example for Free

Robert Frost Poetry Coursework Essay Robert Lee Frost was an American Poet born in San Francisco, his life spanned from March 26th, 1874 to January 29th, 1963. He moved to New England with his family when he was eleven years old. He discovered his love of reading and writing poetry during his high school years when he was in Lawrence, Massachusetts. After Harvard he began writing his own poetry but it was only after his conference with the poet Edward Thomas in London that he truly discovered his voice. On his return to America he published two collections of poems, the most famous of which was North of Boston. The two poems I will be looking at are Home Burial and Mending Wall. The very first thing I noticed about the two of these poems is that they are both examples of the breakdown of communication between people. The first poem Home Burial is an example of an eclogue. The title Home Burial has both connotations of a warm, comfortable home and also a burial, which is both related with death and mourning. It is on the whole written in dialogue but has some narrative. The second poem Mending Wall and its title have meanings on human communication also. Mending meaning to fix and also it is present tense meaning its ongoing and Wall is an object that can be used either as a barrier between humans or something to keep them together. Many people say this poem is Frosts most enduring and most typical dramatic monologue I will look at Home Burial first and display Frosts ideas on human understanding and contact first. By starting the poem with He this already seems to make the man the main character even though her is at the top of the stairs making her the more dominant of the two. She in unconscious of him, but when she realises he might be there she looks over her shoulder at some fear however if they are married why does she fear him? He then asks her what is it you see from up there always? for I want to know. (at this point the dominant role is passed onto him) which shows that they have never actually talked about why she always looks out that window until that moment. At the same moment she no longer fears him and her faces turns from terrified to dull when she realises he is only being curious. However he then asks her again and mounts over her until she is cowering meaning she fears him. This shows that he feels the only way to get it out of her is to frighten her. But this contradicted right away when he says I will find out now you must tell me, dear. The use of the comma and word dear shows that he is now trying to appear as non-threatening to her. However even this doesnt work as she refused him any help. She seems very stuck to being misunderstood and even when he tries to help her, she will not help, in the hope that he will discover it himself but she knows he wont. She even lets him look out knowing that he wont see because he is a blind creature. However after a while of looking out he says oh [] its just that I can see. However by this point the word see has lost a lot of its meaning by being repeated so often. But even after saying this she challenges him on what he sees by saying you dont [] tell me what it is He then launches into how he would have noticed it, had it not blended in with the background. But whilst talking he upsets her by talking about their child in the grave almost in passing. Its not the stones, but the childs mound The man is shocked when she starts telling him to stop and asks why he cant mention his late son. She then, instead of staying and communicating to him, decided to leave for some fresh air. But he then tells her how she should stay and talk to him instead of bringing their problems to other people. He then tells her how he would like to ask her something to which she replies that he doesnt know how to ask. This to me shows that she knows what he is going to ask before he actually does, so I think although they dont talk they do have an understanding of each other even if its on a small level. She then says My words are always nearly an offense. This illustrates how even if he does try to communicate she does not listen or else does not take the correct meaning from what he says and just sees the negative side from everything he says. He then says a man must give up being a man with womenfolk. This brings in the subject if gender can be a barrier between human communication and understanding. But there is also a meaning in the subtext of how he doesnt think any of the blame should be put on him because she finds everything he says as offensive. He then goes on to plea for her to speak to him, to give him one more chance to redeem everything that is wrong with their communication problems, but she needs to stop being so over-reactive to everything. His statement evokes a sense of equality as he is saying that he will try to mend his wrong-doings if she agrees to do the same with hers. However once he says that her sense of loss over her child should be satisfied she sees the negativity in this and says that he is sneering. To which he replies Im not, Im not. This shocks me as this is just what they had been discussing about how they should give each other a chance and try and not be so quick to judge each other and straight away they are at it again. This, I think, is the point where the woman begins to truly open up as she then says to her husband about how he should have more to talk about and more to feel about their dead son, especially to the fact that he was the one to bury him. And then she gets even more annoyed by how when he came in from digging the grave he talks off average, mundane even, topics. She then talks of how if he cant grief over his son, he wont be able to grief for anyone, and if he continues like this he will be unaware of how alone he really is. She then remarks, If I can change it. Oh, I wont, I wont! meaning that she will keep to her grief. Then the husband says There, you have said it all and you feel better. You wont go now. Which sounds very patronizing like he wasnt even paying attention and that he only cares that she wont leave the house for people to see her in her state. And then to prove even more that he wasnt paying much attention to what she was saying he says Amy! Theres someone coming down the road! This is exactly what she had been talking about what she hated him doing and he does it. If he did it to annoy her or that he simply wasnt listening to her it isnt apparent, but it shows a great void in their communication and understanding of one another. The woman is so distraught to how he directly ignores everything she was saying that her sentences are all broken up. She then opes the door wider to leave as she is in a frenzy. The poem then ends with him using violence again to try and get her to stay, so even after they had this long and deep conversation they both returned to how they originally dodged conversation, fleeing and using violence. Now I will go onto talk about the poem Mending Wall and how it is used to convey human barriers between communication and understanding. The writer uses first person singular in this poem to create a persona, and so he can put his own views into the poem easily. It begins with Something there is that doesnt love a wall this is an inverted syntax which creates a tone in the poem and contains the word love which is a very strong word especially for an inanimate object like a wall. The next part says that sends the frozen-ground-swell under it; this made me think that he is possibly using frost on purpose as it is his name. It also contains an active verb to create an ongoing sense in the poem. The active verbs are carried on in the next two lines. makes and work these are the two other active verbs. He then says I have come after them and made repair this shows how he and his neighbour have went out year after year to fix this wall. I think the major part of this poem is if the wall is to be thought of as a barrier or as a magnet which almost brings him and his neighbour together. On one level it is separating their homes from one another, but it also brings them together once a year to repair it. Every year he goes to his neighbour and tells him of how the wall is in need of mending again and they both stay on their own side of the wall picking up the rocks which have fallen out and placing them back in. He talks of how they use spells to make the rocks balance, this shows how the persona of the speaker is very imaginative, but it is also shown in the poem how the persona spends a lot of the poem ruminating over different, small things. And then in the actual spell there is an exclamation mark to add to it. He finds it fun calling it an outdoor game almost like how a child would treat it. He is all pine and I am apple orchard. My apple trees will never get across And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him. He only says Good fences make good neighbours. This paragraph I think shows how he wishes to take down the wall, but instead of directly asking him decides to show him that there is no point in keeping the wall. The neighbour replies with a quote which he has obviously learnt from generations before him and hasnt actually put much thought into. I think this is a classic case of how bad communication can come up, this man has no views on the wall and is only using views of which he has heard from his father possibly and doesnt even consider what his neighbour is saying. Before I built a wall Id ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offence. This is where the poet realises he has no need for this wall and wishes it wasnt there. I also think he is actually offended buy the way his neighbour doesnt want to take it down by the way it says to whom I was like to give offence. There is repetition of the phrase something there is that doesnt love a wall. But this time instead of thinking of an animal I think you are made to think of how the neighbour doesnt listen to the poet and decides to keep the wall up. And however, much he would like to make the neighbour realise the wall is doing no good, he wants him to want the wall down without him saying anything. The poet then notes how his neighbour moves in darkness or in other words is unaware of how there is no need for the wall. So in this poem I think there is a very large barrier in the way of their communication between each other. The poet tries to reason with the neighbour to show there is no need for the wall, but the neighbour prefers to stick with his old quote, because it is one he has already though of a lot. Between these two poems I prefer Mending Wall to Home Burial because of its rhythm throughout it and also I like the very child-like views in it as it makes me feel like I can relate to it more. Home Burial also used terms and wording structure which I found very hard to understand. I think there is also a lot of differences in the culture in these poems and that may determine why the characters could not understand or communicate with each other. The fact that Mending Wall was set in a farmland could mean there is not many other people there and that could determine people and their communication skills. And Home Burial is set between a couple who seem to argue a lot so that doesnt show how every human has trouble understanding each other, just them two.

Political Impacts Of Andrew Jackson And Theodore Roosevelt Politics Essay

Political Impacts Of Andrew Jackson And Theodore Roosevelt Politics Essay Our seventh and twenty-sixth presidents, Andrew Jackson and Theodore Roosevelt are both recognized for their subsequent impact on history. These two men are considered two of the greatest presidents of our history for their reformative actions. Despite their obvious differences such as backgrounds, time period and political stand points, their personalities, moral opinions, and character link each another. Furthermore, the different contributions that both presidents have made have left a great impact on the history of the United States. The two opposing political parties today, Democrat and Republican, were also the different standpoints of Presidents Jackson and Roosevelt. Andrew Jacksons presidency, also known as the Jacksonian Democracy was based on the ideals of the old Republican party of Jefferson. It positioned itself around a limited government, white male suffrage and strong state governments. The Democratic Party mostly consisted of people like Jackson himself- Southern farmers, Westerners and urban workers. Theodore Roosevelt however, differed completely. Born into wealth, he automatically took the position of any other wealthy men, northern businessmen and professional workers- a Republican. Republicanism, based on former Whigs, and free-soil Democrats believed in supporting banks, business and gold standard- the complete opposite of democratic ideals. The different time periods of Jackson and Roosevelts presidencies also increased their dissimilarities because of the different issues each had to suffice . Due to the time difference of approximately 70 years from when Jackson was in office to Roosevelts administration, the different time periods have emerged and resolved different social issues. Because Jacksons term in office lasted from 1829-1837, his presidency concerned social issues that did not also exist during Roosevelts term which lasted from 1901 to 1909. For example, Roosevelt is responsible for adding the corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which expanded it and authorized the United States to intervene with any foreign powers and affairs. This was a result of the Venezuelan incident with Great Britain and Germany. Germany and Great Britain were attempting to collect money owed them by Venezuela, but Roosevelt considered this a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He then took out his big stick and ordered a U.S. fleet to the coast of Venezuela. It was then decided by the British, Germany and Venezuela to negotiate with Roosevelt as their mediator. This declaration was called the Roosevelt Corollary. Rather than letting Europeans intervene in Latin America, Roosevelt declared that the United States would intervene instead. Roosevelt, unlike Jackson, had to encounter foreign matters such as the Venezuelan incident, and the Panama Canal. Nevertheless, Jackson also had to resolve other issues that did not exist in the later years, the opposition and dispute of the National Bank, the issue of the Nullification theory and the debate over the Indian Removal Act of 1830. These two men with different views however, had the same approach to dealing and reforming America- they did not have the same ideals but they both had the same moral principles and same approaches in resolution and reformation. Theodore Roosevelt and Andrew Jackson were both known for their tough, aggressive tactics in resolving issues and these two presidents have shown activism in government. President Roosevelt, who did not only believe in Republican ideals, was also considered a Progressive President for the social reformations he completed. Roosevelt, unlike his precedent Republican presidents did not only side with big business, but tried to mediate the workers and their employers instead. In 1902, the United Mine Workers held a strike and Roosevelt became the first President to intervene in a labor management dispute by forcing both sides to settle on a compromise. This was called the Square Deal for labor. It helped improve the equality between laborers and workers rather than just siding with the wealthy as former presidents have always done. Roosevelt further increased reformation when he enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act, regulated railroads, and passed laws such as the Pure Food and Drug Act an d the Meat Inspection Act. During his two terms, he helped increase labor standards which helped the poor, and working class. Andrew Jackson, as a Southern famer, also revolved his presidency around helping and favoring the low, working and middle class. Jackson believed that the bank hurt the working class and only benefitted the upper classes and therefore vetoed the second re-chartering of the National Bank. He once said It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their own selfish purposes. (sfgjkkdfjsodkfj) It was Jacksons belief that the bank hurt the working class while benefiting the wealthy upper class, and he never stood for the disenfranchisement of the working class. The banks charter expired in 1836 after Jackson refused to renew it and used one of his presidential vetoes to override congressional votes. This was one of many battles that Jackson felt strongly about, fought, and won. Similarly, Roosevelt fought against instit utions he felt harmed the working class. Both these presidents believed in actively participating in the government but still, these actions could not have been achieved if it werent for the unconventional techniques they used. These two war-time heroes displayed their aggression in dealing with political issues. For example, Theodore Roosevelt had only accomplished the Square Deal by threatening to take over the mines with his federal troops if they did not compromise. He also displayed hostility while dealing with foreign affairs, referred to as the Big-Stick policy by acting boldly and decisively and intimidating other foreign powers. Jackson also threatened and used aggression to achieve what he wanted. During the nullification theory crisis, Jackson debated against John C. Calhoun of South Carolina against the tariff of 1828. Calhoun argued that each state had the right to decide whether to obey a law or to declare it null and could leave the union. Jackson, who wanted to preserve the union, passed the Force Bill which gave him the authority to use military action against any state who threatened the union. At the same time, he privately threatened to kill Calhoun by public hanging. Calhoun gave into Jacksons demands and compromised, thus upholding the tariff without bloodshed and winning a battle against the doctrine of nullification. And although the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was ultimately overturned in the case of Worcester v. Georgia, he supported forcing the Cherokee Indians to move and resettle in the West of the Mississippi to satisfy American citizens. In effect, both these presidents earned the reputations of being tough because of their assertive actions. They both believed in the morality of helping the working class and used aggression to achieve reformation. Reform of social equality for the common man was the principle improvement during both administrations, but Jackson and Roosevelt found different institutions to reform. The contributions and accomplishments that Jackson made during his presidency were mostly political- the spoils system, the pet banks, and the specie circular. Andrew Jackson started the spoils system which rewarded people to federal jobs for one term if they voted for his Democratic party. Because he did not believe in a national bank which he considered to be constitutionally impute, socially unequal, corrupted and instable, (ndfujsfkgjdfg) he vetoed the re-charter of the second bank and withdrew all federal funds and transferred them to various state banks referred to as pet banks. He then hoped to help the effect of inflation by requiring purchases of federal land to be made in gold and silver rather than in paper banknotes. The contributions that Roosevelt made were predominantly social- the Panama Canal, the Ro osevelt Corollary, railroad regulation, the Square Deal of labor, natural conservation and regulatory laws. Roosevelt also worked to trust-bust by enforcing Sherman Act and protective tariffs effectively. He also supported bills for shorter workdays for women and children and state safety inspection of factories. When these bills passed, he appointed inspectors to oversee enforcement of the new rules. He was applauded by working people, social workers, union officials, and citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Whitelaw, 107) Of the two, President Roosevelt had a greater impact on American history because unlike President Jackson, Roosevelts reformative actions and policies are still adequate today. The actions by President Jackson were however, later reversed or repealed. Although his spoil system helped build a strong two-party system, it was later criticized for being corrupted and was later destroyed. Jacksons pet banks eventually caused inflation and specie circular did not help the crisis b ut instead caused the Panic of 1837. This too was eventually overturned and formed into what we have today, a national bank and paper money. President Roosevelt, known as the first modern president has made a bigger impact because his ideals have lasted and has helped politically improve the nation. Trust-busting, the square deal and railroad regulation has economically and morally helped the low working class, and regulatory laws have improved consumer protection. Roosevelt also set aside 150 million acres of land to help build parks. His nature conservation is one of the biggest impacts that still exist today. Though they improved different areas of society, the impacts of their actions were significant. Both Roosevelt and Jackson took on duties that Presidents before them would not have imagined. Their assertive personalities allowed them to get things done that other presidents could not have achieved. They are known as presidents who have set lessons for future leaders. For example, Jackson stood up against a strong British army and won. That gave him the courage to take on foes like the Second U.S. Bank (Kliff) and Theodore Roosevelt understood the power of personality and how much it can aid a presidents success. (Kliff) They protected the common man, and stood up for the working class. Jackson worked to cripple an aristocracy driven, government monopoly in the Second Bank of the United States. Roosevelt used his power to foster a settlement between miners and their employers who mistreated them. They pioneered new policies, while ensuring old laws already in place. Although Roosevelt and Jacksons lives and presidencies were not exactly similar, they share some very unique parallels such as their moral principles and characteristics.